Background to War in Sudan
Source: Wikipedia
The current conflict in Sudan is a multifaceted crisis with deep roots in Sudan’s history, including a long struggle for power between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). This power struggle erupted into full-scale violence in April 2023, further destabilizing a country already grappling with political instability, economic hardship, and humanitarian needs.
Long-Standing Tensions and Conflicts
Political Instability: Sudan has a history of military coups, including the 1989 coup that brought Omar al-Bashir to power and his subsequent removal in 2019 after widespread protests.
Civil War: Sudan has experienced two civil wars, the first from 1955 to 1972 and the second from 1983 to 2005, leading to the independence of South Sudan in 2011.
Darfur Conflict: The conflict in Darfur, which began in 2003, has resulted in widespread displacement and violence.
Power Struggle: The recent conflict is a culmination of a power struggle between the SAF, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the RSF, led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (also known as Hemedti).
Emergence of the RSF and its Role
Formation: The RSF, originally founded by Omar al-Bashir to suppress the rebellion in Darfur, has become a powerful paramilitary force.
Alleged Atrocities: The RSF has been accused of human rights abuses, including ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, particularly in Darfur.
Power Ambitions: The RSF, under Hemedti, is seen as a major player in the current conflict, seeking to seize power and control.
Current Conflict
Escalation: The conflict, which began with fighting in Khartoum, has spread to other regions of Sudan.
Humanitarian Crisis: The fighting has resulted in widespread displacement, food insecurity, and a severe humanitarian crisis.
International Response: The conflict has drawn international attention, with various actors seeking to mediate and provide humanitarian assistance.
Key Factors Contributing to the Conflict
Rivalry between SAF and RSF: A power struggle for control of Sudan, particularly after the 2019 ousting of al-Bashir.
Ethnic Tensions: The conflict has ethnic dimensions, with the SAF largely composed of Nile Valley Arabs and the RSF drawing support from Arab tribes in Darfur.
Historical Grievances: Longstanding issues of marginalization, resource control, and political exclusion have fuelled the conflict.
Weakened Economy: The conflict has further exacerbated Sudan’s economic woes, leading to food shortages and instability.